Slavery Before And After The Civil War

In this chapter it tells a story about slavery before and after the Civil War. It explains the United States provision of slavery and how some people were misled on who ended slavery, how it was Abraham Lincoln and not John brown who was hung later in 1859 for his crimes. It later goes into graphic detail of how slaves were kept into slavery by whipping and separating families. It sort of reminds of the movie 12 years a slave I would recommend it. It’s sad but true story of how black people were treated back then.John Brown was hung by the state of Virginia with the approval of the national government for his failed plan to take hold of the federal arsenal. The US Government would not accept an end to slavery by mutiny, but only under circumstances controlled by whites, and only when essential by radical and profitable needs of the North. It was Abraham Lincoln who was able to do just that by putting together the interests of the wealthy and interests of the blacks.What came n ext was that Lincoln was elected there was an extensive series of procedure clashes between the South and North. The rattle was not over the issue of slavery, but that the South saw Lincoln and the Republicans as a risk to their pleasant way of life. So when Lincoln was elected ultimately 11 states split from the Union. The Association was formed thus beginning the Civil War. In an effort to end the war, in September 1862, Lincoln announced his primary Emancipation Proclamation.This was a military move, giving the South 4 months to stop protesting or else their slaves would be freed, if they complied slavery would be unharmed in the states that came over to the North. The Proclamation also opened up the Union army to the blacks. On January 1, 1863, urging antislavery forces. Later in April 1864 Senate had approved the Thirteenth Amendment, declaring an end to slavery, and in January 1865, the House of Congresses followed. The Fourteenth Amendment declared that â€Å"all persons bor n or naturalize in the United States† were citizens.This restricted states’ rights regarding racial equality. The Fifteenth Amendment said: â€Å"The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. † This opened the door for senate to pass laws making it a crime to deprive African Americans of their rights, like allowing blacks to enter into contracts and buy homes and what not. With these laws African Americans formed political organizations.They were nevertheless held back for several years by Andrew Johnson, who became president while serving as Vice President under Lincoln when Lincoln was killed at the end of the war. Johnson banned bills that helped Blacks and allowed states to return the Union without promising equal rights for blacks. Johnsons’ actions did not sit well with Senators and Congressmen. Later in 1868, Congr ess nearly succeeded in accusing Johnson but was one vote short in the Senate. Later that year, Republican contender Ulysses Grant would win the presidential election by 300,000 votes over Johnson.This again opened up doors for blacks, were being elected into southern state legislatures and the US Senate & Congress. Black women were also helping to rebuild the postwar south; black children were going to school. Even though it looked like Negroes were on their way to becoming equal there was still a lot of hostility and dependency on whites for work and supplies. The south used economic power to form the Ku Klux Klan (known as KKK) and other extremist groups. It wasn’t long until things were almost back to where it started.

Apple’s Mission Statement

Company Apple Inc. is an American multinational corporation founded in 1976 with 361 retail stores worldwide as of January 2012. The current CEO of Apple is Tim Cook and the current Chairman is Arthur Levinson. Its headquarters is situated at: 1 Infinite Loop Cupertino, CA 95014 United States Apple’s mission statement is: â€Å"Apple designs Macs, the best personal computers in the world, along with OS X, iLife, iWork and professional software. Apple leads the digital music revolution with its iPods and iTunes online store.Apple has reinvented the mobile phone with its revolutionary iPhone and App Store, and is defining the future of mobile media and computing devices with iPad. † [ (Apple Inc. – Frequently Asked Questions, 2012) ] Products and Distribution Apple’s prime function is the design and marketing of products such as consumer electronics, computers, and computer software, including: * iPhone * iPad * Mac * iPod * iOS * Apple TV * iCloud * Mac OS X Apple also offers various third-party accessories, digital content and applications compatible with its own products.Apple sells these and its own products through various distribution channels including: * retail stores * online stores * direct sales force * third-party cellular network carriers * wholesalers * retailers * value-added resellers Apple’s products and services are sold to a wide variety of customers including: * consumers * small and mid-sized businesses * education * enterprise * government customers Customers and Market Expansion Apple has a loyal customer base, with regular customers accounting for a large percentage of sales.However, Apple is always looking to expand into new market areas through the creation of new products and marketing techniques. For instance, Apple is considering the creation of an Apple Bank, with a recent survey showing that 43% of the current Apple customers would switch from their current banks to Apple. Apple also recently delve d into the electronic book industry, over which it now faces a lawsuit for colluding with other companies to raise the price of electronic books. Shares 1,748 institutions currently hold Apple shares. Due to its recent success, reflected in its no. position in BrandZ’s 2011 list of the 100 most valuable brands in the world, Apple has amassed US$98 billion, and has therefore decided to pay a quarterly dividend of US$2. 65 a share to investors starting from July 1, implying a 1. 8% dividend yield based on a current share price of around US$600. Apple is also planning to repurchase US$10 billion in shares over a three year period starting from September 30. The total cost of these planned operations amounts to roughly US$45 billion. Employees Apple has over 60,000 employees, and this number is increasing rapidly due to the company’s high employment rate.The research and development department is relatively small, with most staff employed in general and administrative role s – approximately 60% of Apple’s employees work in Apple Stores, compared to other companies in the same industry of similar size. Most Apple employees have more than 5-10 years of work experience, but the level of education is not a crucial deciding factor in employment – the amount of graduates hired without masters or doctoral degrees is significant. Environmental Impact Apple has long been the subject of criticism over its environmental impact.In 2007, Steve Jobs penned an open letter promising to remove toxic materials from Apple’s products, and that promise has been fulfilled since then, with toxic substances being removed from Apple’s whole array of products. However, Apple is still criticised often over its impact on the environment. In a list released in April 2011 by Greenpeace, Apple was deemed the least green technology company due to its high reliance on coal power. Apple published a breakdown of its carbon footprint in 2011, estimatin g that it was responsible for 23. 1 million metric tons of greenhouse gas emissions during the year.Chinese environmental groups have also published two reports detailing the pollution and health hazards present in Apple’s supply chain in China. In these reports, Apple is criticised for ignoring the unhealthy conditions in its factories in China. In response to these reports, Apple’s pledge to ensure safe working conditions for its suppliers was restated. Apple was again criticised when several of its manufacturers in China were accused of releasing harmful pollutants. In response, Apple met with Chinese environmental groups, promising to assess its environmental impact and ensure its partners would follow environmental regulations.Apple’s own supplier responsibility report detailed that waste was being improperly discharged from some of its suppliers and some facilities did not have adequate systems or records in place required to deal with hazardous materials. Economic Conditions Apple has always had to cope with changing economic conditions. However, Apple’s response to these conditions has varied. For instance, in the Global Financial Crisis, rumours spread that Apple would develop new, more affordable products across its Mac and iPhone families. However, when questioned over this, Steve Jobs replied: â€Å"There are some customers which we choose not to serve.We don’t know how to make a $500 computer that’s not a piece of junk, and our DNA will not let us ship that. But we can continue to deliver greater and greater value to those customers that we choose to serve and there’s a lot of them. And we’ve seen great success by focusing on certain segments of the market and not trying to be everything to everybody. † Apple continued to develop its product lines in the same style and price range. In the fourth fiscal quarter of the 2011 financial year, economic conditions threatened iPhone sales, and in response, Apple chose to reduce orders for handset parts and components.By the end of the quarter it had been revealed that it had been Apple’s biggest September quarter ever, but due to Apple’s even greater success in the third quarter, the company’s revenue had not lived up to the Wall Street estimates. Competition Apple uses several strategies to stay ahead of the competition: * It is constantly developing new products. * It is continuously upgrading its existing products. * It continues to sell successful products and keeps successful designs. * It tries to cover all price ranges when it can.For instance, since the release of the iPhone 4S, Apple decided to keep selling the iPhone 3GS in order to provide a more affordable iPhone for potential customers. Apple has also initiated several lawsuits against Samsung and vice versa, with patent breaches being disputed in at least 10 countries. Most notably, Apple claimed Samsung had copied its iPhone and iPad. Business Life Cycle Despite being over 30 years old, Apple is still in the growth stage of the business life cycle. This is due to several reasons: * Growth is accelerating. Regular clients make up a large percentage of their customer base, but at the same time substantial effort is being put into tapping into new markets. * New products are being created and developed in order to fill market niches. * Mass marketing techniques are used to increase market share. * Profits are rising. * Production costs are decreasing. Company Harvey Norman Holdings Ltd is an Australian public company founded in1982 which operates primarily as a franchisor. Gerry Harvey is the current Chairman of the company, and his wife, Katie Page, is the CEO. Its headquarters is based in Homebush West, NSW, Australia.The company owns three leading brand names: * Harvey Norman * Domayne * Joyce Mayne Harvey Norman also owns several other Australian retail chains such as Space Furniture and Ariston Appliances. Unde r these brand names, the company grants franchises to independent business operators. As of the 2011 Financial Year, there were 195 franchised outlets in Australia, and 96 company owned stores. Products and Distribution Harvey Norman’s franchisees sell a wide range of products in various categories including: * electrical goods * furniture * computerised communications * bedding and manchester * small appliances * carpets and flooringThe company recently planned to conduct 5% of its trade online, but these plans proved too optimistic, and they were scaled back. Customers and Market Expansion As an icon in the Australian retail industry, consumers make up most of Harvey Norman’s customers. The company acquired retail chain Joyce Mayne in July 1998 and further expanded when it launched its Domayne retail chain in May 1999. It acquired a controlling interest in Rebel Sport Limited in July 2001 but sold it in March 2007. Harvey Norman opened Harvey Norman Direct Import in December 2011, an online store based in Ireland which sells video games to Australia free of GST.Shares Harvey Norman’s shares have recently experienced a drop of over 6% due to uncertain retail conditions and a drop in sales. Employees Harvey Norman currently has approximately 10,000 employees. The ratio of employees in general and administrative sectors to those in sales and marketing is less than in companies of similar size in the same industry. Most employees have over 5-10 years of work experience, and have bachelor’s degrees rather than masters or doctoral degrees. Environmental Impact In 2011, Harvey Norman was the subject of criticism over the destruction of Australian native forests for use in the furniture industry.A group called Markets for Change launched a campaign against Harvey Norman after they claimed to have conducted a year-long investigation into the company’s timber usage. To this, Gerry Harvey responded on ABC Radio: â€Å"I'm an environm entalist† â€Å"I'm doing my best to use recycled timber or timber from plantations †¦ but every now and then [timber from native forests] will slip through. â€Å"[Often it's] timber the government has told sawmills they can take. â€Å"We are trying really hard to change and also to keep an industry going in Australia †¦ it's difficult for [the sawmills] to survive, and without us they just wouldn't. Economic Conditions It was recently revealed that Harvey Norman’s first half yearly profits were down 2. 1%. The company released a statement explaining the situation: â€Å"The combination of intense competitive pressures and price deflation in certain key product categories, accentuated by the high Australian dollar, deteriorating economic confidence and a prudent consumer, has seen many retailers struggle to maintain margins in the fight for market share. † Competition Harvey Norman has several competitors in the market and therefore utilises severa l strategies in order to compete effectively.Actions taken by the company in response to competition include: * The purchase of the Clive Peeters and Rick Hart brands, which resulted in a loss of AUD$41 million, whose stores will now either convert to Harvey Norman or Joyce Mayne brands or close. * The launching of Harvey Norman Direct Import in response to JB Hi-Fi’s addition of a direct importation section to its website. Some predict that Harvey Norman is the only Australian listed company that would be interested in purchasing Dick Smith Electronics from Woolworths and that if Harvey Norman was to pay AUD$150 million for the business, it could boost earnings by 7%.Business Life Cycle Harvey Norman is in the post-maturity stage of the business life cycle. This is due to several reasons: * Recently, it has been experiencing a small period of decline, but over the long term it has been in a state of renewal. * New strategies taken involve some degree of risk. * New markets a re being exploited, with ventures into overseas markets. * Anticipated sales are not always eventuating. Comparing the two businesses: * Apple is a larger business than Harvey Norman, being a multinational corporation. * Apple operates in many more countries and has significantly more employees. Apple has had great recent success whereas Harvey Norman’s profits have dropped. * Apple has expanded into many more areas in recent times than Harvey Norman. * Apple’s share price is also much higher compared to Harvey Norman’s, reflecting Apple’s recent profits. * Both businesses have been the subject of criticism over their environmental impact, but Apple has received more due to its operations in more areas and countries. * Both businesses employ various strategies in order to stay ahead of competition, but Apple has had greater success, with Harvey Norman experiencing losses due to unsuccessful strategies. Despite the fact that Apple was founded before Harvey Norman, Apple is still in the growth stage of the business life cycle due primarily to the fact that its sales and profits are rapidly increasing, with demand for its products high and customer base growing. Apple would be more resilient to influences in the business environment due to the fact that it is a larger business, with more resources and a massive amount of money currently with which it can respond to changing conditions.

Electron Microscopy Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Electron Microscopy - Coursework Example A selected area aperture is inserted into the back focal plane of the objective lens to select the required beam. When the direct beam is selected, a bright field image is formed, and when the diffracted beam is selected, a dark field image is formed. Bright field image The given micrograph shows a bright field image of a MgO crystal. The crystal specimen appears dark with a bright background. The background appears bright because only the direct beam of transmitted electrons is selected and let to pass through the aperture. The surface topology and the raised texture on top of the crystal are clearly observable. This kind of image is obtained by placing the objective diaphragm or the selected area aperture in the back focal plane of the objective lens. The aperture allows only direct beam to pass through while blocking the diffracted beam. The direct beam appears as a bright central spot. The aperture also maintains the collection angle. As seen in the ray diagram below, the objecti ve aperture blocks the diffracted beam, allowing only the transmitted beam to reach the image plane. Darkfield image The given micrograph shows a dark field image of a MgO crystal. The crystal specimen appears lighter than the background. The background is dark. The edges of the crystal are highly pronounced.   In case of the dark field imaging, also called as the central dark field operation, the selected area aperture is not shifted, but the incident beam is tilted to allow the scattered electrons in the diffracted beam to pass through the objective aperture. A collective ray diagram for both bright field and dark field imaging is given below: Selected Area Diffraction Pattern The given micrograph shows the selected area diffraction pattern of a MgO crystal. The lattice structure of the crystal is easily decipherable from the given SAED pattern. Diffraction from a single crystal in a polycrystalline sample can be captured if the aperture is small enough and the crystal is large enough. To obtain such a pattern, the selected area aperture is placed in the image plane of the objective lens and used to select only one part of the image. Using projector lenses to focus on electron beams to obtain small spots on the object surface, the diffraction patterns can be obtained. Using this pattern, the lattice of crystals can be easily studied and it is also possible to determine the orientation relationships between grains or even different phases. 2. (a) From a lattice image obtained from a single crystal of BaZrO3 (Fig. 4) determine the magnification. Compare this with the magnification obtained using the scale bar. Calculate the length the scale bar should be. To calculate the magnification from the lattice image given, the following formula for magnification is used: Magnification (M) = A stepwise solution for the given problem is presented below: Step 1 Calculation of pixel to cm ratio: The size of the image is measured in pixels and centimeters and found to be: Height in pixels= 556 pixels= 14.7cm

Caring for Children and Adolescents Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Caring for Children and Adolescents - Assignment Example The idea that one of the best ways to combat the dangers associated with teen drinking is to step up enforcement is certainly a tempting one. Firstly, it comes from and invokes a great deal of time-honored tradition – the idea of using punishments for prescribed acts has been a fundamental part not just of many of the most important legal traditions in the world, but is also still heavily used in the parenting of children of a wide variety of ages. It simply makes sense that if the consequences for being caught drinking are significant, they will out-weigh Furthermore, there is a legitimate argument for the idea that having no or minimal enforcement for a law or policy, such as forbidding teen drinking, implicitly condones such actions, and that to demonstrate seriousness about fighting teen drinking, we must make the consequences of doing so severe. These arguments are especially valid when discussing one of the root enablers of underage drinking: adults willing to sell or pr ovide alcohol to minors. As drinking under the legal limit is (obviously) illegal, every time a teenager drinks there is always an adult who was willing to sell liquor to them or give it to them despite their young age, or who failed to do due diligence by guaranteeing identification was true and accurate. The adults who do this have been trusted by society because they are considered mature enough to understand the consequences of their actions, so if they are mature enough to by alcohol they should be mature enough to ensure it does not reach the hands of under-age drinkers; if they fail to do so then they should be prepared to face the consequences of their actions, even if they are serious. Finally, putting constraints on associated activities, like establishing a curfew, can give law enforcement justification for interrupting dangerous behavior and getting teenagers home safe. There are many reasons to consider enforcement improvements could reduce the harm from teenage drinkin g.

Welfare Benefits Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Welfare Benefits - Research Paper Example Although it was meant to help members of the American society deal with the crisis, which was affecting them at the time, many of its opponents believed that what it proposed was socialism; something that they believed was not in line with the American way of life. During this period, the greater part of women and people from minority groups in American society were excluded from getting any remuneration from the unemployment insurance and pensions for the elderly. In recent times, however, there have been reforms to the program and each state has its own welfare system according to the needs of its people. Since its inception, the provisions of welfare have been changing often due to the worries brought about by the situations of the economy as well as the changing roles of gender and the integration of minority groups into the American mainstream. During the 1950s, there were debates that focused more on how adequate coverage could be provided, moving away from the focus on which g roups of occupation could be included, as had been done before. Since then all the changes in Social Security have been attempts to bring about a balance between the provision of adequate protection as well as the promotion of equality while providing this security (Beland, 2008). When the original Social Security Act is compared to those of European countries during the same period, one will find that it does not include the range of programs that had been developed in these countries. This is because when this Act was formulated, it was done with the anticipation that any additional programs of social insurance and income support would be put in place later. Examples of such expected extensions are the providing of benefits for spouses and children, which was passed in 1939 and the passing of programs of assistance and insurance for the disabled people in the 1950s. The development of programs in other areas took more of a problem-solving and incremental approach. Hence, the Medic are and Medicaid programs were endorsed in 1965 as a response to specific medical care needs of the elderly in society and the professed insufficiency of medical care under public support (Social Security Bulletin, 2006). The introduction of the Food Stamp program in 1964 and its later extensive growth came as a response to the evidence that there was persistent hunger and malnutrition in some groups within the population despite the fact that the society was generally affluent. The Supplemental Security Income program was introduced in 1974 as a national minimum income guarantee for those people who were aged, blind, and disabled in society and this was to counteract the differences in the advantage levels and eligibility values appropriate to these people under the assistance programs. The Food Stamp program is available to individuals and families who are eligible for payments under the Supplemental Security Income Program and to those deprived persons and families who are not su itable for the latter program. Another characteristic of the development of social welfare policy in the United States is the considerable degree of decentralization that is displayed and a mechanism for this is the federal system of government, which divides responsibility among the federal, state, and local governments. Some of these programs are funded and administered by the federal government alone; others involve only the state, with or without the involvement of local governments; and finally, others involve all three levels of government. This federal structure serves three main purposes in this welfare policy and these are the dispersal of

Evaluate the role played by Britain in shaping modern Australian Essay

Evaluate the role played by Britain in shaping modern Australian society and political culture. Does the term 'Austral Briton' still hold any relevance - Essay Example A good and profound example is the Head of State who is the current Queen of England. The other is the Union Jack symbol in the Australian flag. Many Australians as at the WWII either descended from Britain or were actually having direct ancestral links to Britain2. This paper will therefore discuss the role played by Britain in shaping modern Australian society and political culture while shedding light on whether the term ‘Austral Briton’ still holds any relevance. Before the 1st World War Australian inhabitants especially the ones born there or had their ancestry trailing from Britain or Ireland were being termed as ‘Aussie’ colloquially. This was rather a term that denoted ability to survive through hard times and later was more defining as it distinguished those born in Australia and immigrants3. This latter distinction was coined during and after the 2nd World War. The nation was originally a British penal colony from 18th century and more precisely from 17884. The continent had been seen to be one that is full of hardships by Joseph Banks who went further to suggest that convicts should be taken there from Britain. It is in 1788 that the first batch of convicts docked at Botany Bay5. This first fleet comprised of marines, men and women convicts. The following years saw an increased movement to Australia as more convicts were being shipped and being taken further inland. The women population among the convicts was just 20 perc ent. This disparity between men and women convicts went a long way to shape the current mateship ideology. This transportation of convicts to Australia however came to an end officially in 1850. More and more people started to stream in from various nationalities but the biggest number was from Britain making them dominate the demographics of Australia6. Australia was a region of the earth where democracy did not exist as a formal system of ruling masses up until the colonisation by the British. Most

Perceptual relativity in Danto and Gombrich relation with audience Essay

Perceptual relativity in Danto and Gombrich relation with audience with King Kong - Essay Example There are many innovations that were used in the production of King Kong. Many of these innovations were way ahead of their time and maybe that is the reason the film received so many negative reviews. Today’s reviews of the film are far much better because the audience is able to perceive and appreciate the artistic elements used. According to Danto’s End of Art, art does not exist anymore in the perpetual sense that it used to. The perpetual relativity argument used by Danto states that modern art follows the concept of visual knowledge that exists in the modern world. He says that the End of Art means the beginning of modern or pop art. This is to say that present art is more concerned with the concept of visual language or knowledge. The King Kong Film in 1933 and Duchamp’s readymade can somehow compare with this modern art concept. When they were released, both King Kong and Readymade received a lot of criticism from audiences. However, that is not the case today; perceptual ideas have changed over time changing the way people see the film King Kong. The concept of Perceptual relativity is dealt with in an in-depth manner in Gombrich’s Art and Illusion. Gombrich asked himself why artists normally turn a blind eye to aesthetic of sight, conceptual theory and other aspects of modern art. When Gombrich answered these questions, he showed that the perceptual side of art brings out the different points of view. He gives the example of light and darkness variation and how these variations relate with the artwork and audiences. The amount of light used in some form of art has the power to create a different feeling depending on how it is used. In the King Kong film, lighting has been used make some powerful shots which have an effect on how the audience perceives the film. Maybe the audience in 1933 was not affected by the lighting used in the film the same way today’s audience is affected. Perceptual concept shows that art inspires people

Public Relation(Marketing) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Public Relation(Marketing) - Essay Example The ever diminishing turn-out in elections for the European Parliament - it fell in all but three member-states during the recent Euro elections - is just one eloquent expression of popular disaffection and indifference towards the EU" (Clegg, 2003, p.5). The focus of the present essay is the perception of British citizens of 50 of European Union and related institutions. The nationwide EU research, conducted in summer 2006, comprised 1,347 persons of British citizenship, 45% of whom were people over 50 (Eurobarometer 65). As the report holds, the British are known for their typical answers 'I don't care' and 'I don't know', but citizens over 50 have specific position. For instance, when asked about their opinion concerning the EU membership, 50 per cent of respondents answered 'It is a good idea', 16 per cent found it unacceptable, whereas there were 34 per cent, who were just unaware of current political issues. As for seniors, the huge percentage of people over 50 (30 per cent) view EU membership as problem and don't support it, and only 23 per cent found the idea sound and reasonable. Still, there are 47% of indifferent (or poorly-informed) citizens, the majority of who are aged over 65 and who are currently not able of following all news broadcasts. Nevertheless, the survey suggests that the situation has improved comparing to 46-per-cent unawareness in summer 2005 (Eurobarometer 63). On the other hand, the related dynamics among seniors is slower - whereas in 2005, the percentage of indifferent or unaware citizens aged over 50 was 49%, the recent research shows only 2-per cent decrease. This fact is clear and explainable: the survey was participated by various age groups and social classes - from students to businesspeople, and the natural increase of education level is exactly what the investigation has measured. On the other hand, citizens over 50 are less motivated in terms of political inquiries, so they are likely to remain either uninformed or uninterested. The exact percentage of uninformed citizens is 12 per cent: "What is also encouraging to note is that only 125 of the UK poll say that they know nothing at all about the European Union compared with 18 per cent a year ago. There is a welcome decline in the negative aspect of the UK data. A year ago, 28% of UK citizens said they never looked for information on the EU. It has now reduced slightly, but significantly, to 23%" (Eurobarometer 65, p.3). On the other hand, White et al highlights that this positive step forward is being done by the population under 45, whereas the development of consciousness in citizens over 50 has been in state of stagnation for five years. For instance, only 8 per cent of British seniors made attempts to find more extensive information about the EU (White, 2006), and their number has enjoyed only 1,5 per cent increase over the last year. Earlier research (Lafferty, 2004) introduces certain target audience for cognitive influence, and categorized the UK population by age and gender. Female students from 23 to 28 turned out the most perceptive and sensitive in terms of recent information campaigns, run by the EU. People over 50 are considered neither influential (i.e. they are not able and not motivated to persuade their surroundings) not sensitive to new information. Lafferty indicates that the typical profile of a UK citizen over 50 is following: a person interested in domestic news and concerned about governmental

Persuasive Essay Essay Example for Free

Persuasive Essay Essay When you rummage through your refrigerator what do you seek? A bag of chips, a fruity flavored yogurt, some buttery popcorn? Whatever it is, it all fills you up. Whether it is with a junky treat or something partially healthy. Whatever you choose, it impacts you. It affects the way you sleep, the energy you have, and your blood sugar. So the little discussion of picking a chocolate bar and an apple impacts you greatly in the long run. This is why you should start making healthier choices now when you are still growing. I must admit it is easier for me to choose eating junk food. It may seem yummy and delicious, but its not. Almost every single piece of junk food is either full with fat or artificial flavorings. Did you know that the McDonalds fries contain 610 calories and 29 grams of fat? If you ate a Burger King, meal that contains 1,800 calories, it would take you nearly 6 hours of intense bicycle riding to burn away the calories. The average American kid eats at McDonalds at least one time each month. Teenagers drink around the average of 760 cans of soda per year. And not only does junk food just add fat and other unwanted substances to your body, it also harms you. Obesity is the second cause of death in America. The consumption of sodas has increased the risk of diabetes. Junk food is the major cause of most heart diseases or failures. Junk food causes high cholesterol, which causes long-term damage to your liver. Wow, pretty scary right? Ways to decrease junk food consumption would be the next time when you are rummaging through your refrigerator stop and choose the vegetable section. Pick a banana, or apple. Or leave junk food off-limits until special days or weekends. There are multiple ways, but the biggest way is the next time something sugary is about to go into your mouth, stop and think about all the negative sides. Because not only does junk food affect your weight, it affects your future.

Hospitals and Long-Term Care Facilities Essay Example for Free

Hospitals and Long-Term Care Facilities Essay Abstract Hospitals can be set up as nonprofit or for-profit facilities. The differences between the nonprofit and for profit hospitals will be discussed. Hospitals have experienced different trends in the last thirty years. This paper will identify at least three major trends that have occurred within the hospital sector. Three examples that describe and differentiate the roles of hospitals and nursing homes are providing long-term care. The conclusion of this paper will be a brief critiquing of the current state of long-term care policy in the United States. Hospitals and Long-Term Care Facilities The differences between nonprofit and for-profit hospitals: A characteristic as stated by Williams and Torrens (2008) of nonprofit hospitals is that these hospitals do not function under the realm of regular corporate law but under a special provision of the corporate law in each state. It is also noted that nonprofit hospitals also function under special federal and state tax provisions because of recognition of their community service function. Other characteristics of nonprofit hospitals are they do not have owners and their governing body is a community based board that has complete authority over operations. Nonprofit hospitals, in general, are not required to pay most of the taxes at federal, state and local levels. Under section 501C (3) of the federal tax code, the non-profits are exempt. Due to this exemption status donations made by individuals are tax deductible. Nonprofit entities are not only expected to care for the destitute and poor but they are also expected to provi de a variety of services to the community (Williams Torrens, 2008). Now that the characteristics of the non-profit have been outlined the for-profit entities make-up will be discussed. For profit entities, unlike nonprofit ones, have owners. The owners are issued stocks and these stocks reflect the owner’s equity position. â€Å"For- profit  entities, including hospitals, may be publicly or privately held† (Williams Torrens, 2008, p. 186). Stocks for entities for-profit that are publicly held are made available for anyone to purchase. Publicly held for-profit entities are plagued with various accountability and regulation rules that are supervised by the Securities and Exchange Commission at both federal and state level. Williams and Torrens (2008) state that privately held for-profit entities issue stock but the difference in public versus private issuing of stock is that the private for-profit stock is not available for purchase by the general public. For-profit hospitals, in the past, have been owned by the physicians who work in them but due to the astronomical costs of such expenditures as: building, maintaining and operating a hospital in today’s market the trend of physician owned for-profit hospitals is almost extinct. The majority of for-profit hospitals in the United States are part of a large multihospital chain. The multi chains of hospitals as stated by Williams Torrens (2008) are publicly traded. For-profit hospitals do not serve only the community but they are also expected to operate at a profit so that the equity investors receive a return on their capital (Williams Torrens, 2008). Three major trends that have occurred within the hospital sector. One of three major trends that have occurred within the hospital sector is the increase in specialty hospitals. The specialty hospitals focus on such areas as cancer and heart disease as well as profitable fields like orthopedic surgery. The specialty hospitals as stated by Williams Torrens (2008) show an increase of being owned partially by the physicians who practice in them. Some would make the argument that the specialty hospitals provide the best care while others see these hospitals as entities that â€Å"siphon off insured and relatively healthier patients leaving the less profitable and more complicated cases to community general ho spitals† (Williams Torrens, 2008, p. 194). Concerns raised by the physicians’ ownership of the specialty hospitals include but not limited to are that the financial incentives will affect the treatment decisions (i.e. diagnostic services) and also that the physicians will treat the less complicated but yet more profitable health care cases and leave the biggest burden of caring for the less fortunate, financially challenged and uninsured individuals to the community and public hospitals (Williams Torrens, 2008) Another trend that has occurred within the hospital sector  is in the field of technology. â€Å"Technology has shaped the physical and operational structures of hospitals, has affected the lives of patients and families, and has provided a delivery vehicle for physicians in clinical practice† (Williams Torrens, 2008, p. 195). It is technological research that allows for the services hospitals provide for example anesthesia and antisepsis laid the ground work for surgical care and imaging technology h as impacted effective intervention for individuals seeking care in a hospital atmosphere. Technology has affected a vast array of individuals: obstetric patients, those in need of pediatric care and terminally ill patients just to name a few. Advanced technology has led to development â€Å"increased specialization, clinical practices, expansion of specialized services, new medical and surgical specialties, and treatments for many diseases for which little curative or other care could be provided† (Williams Torrens, 2008, p. 195). While continued advance technology leads toward continuous improved health care it also brings along with it problems, especially for the hospitals. The hospitals are immensely gratified by the increased technology and its application to improve overall general health but along with the benefits comes complications. Hospitals are expected to provide the most up to date technology but at the most effective pricing to please their customers, patients and physicians. This presents a major challenge to hospitals (Williams Torrens, 2008) Academic medical centers are another trend that has occurred within the hospital sector. Academic medical centers are composed of medical schools and their primary teaching hospitals. The â€Å"academic medical centers provide tertiary, secondary, and primary care but have a principal focus on biomedical research, teaching of medical residents and medical students, and often an array of other professional training, research, and services activities† (Williams Torrens, 2008, p. 196). Unlike other hospitals, the academic medical center does not have top priorities of financial efficiency and customer satisfaction. Great demands are placed on these facilities by physicians and researchers to provide the latest technology and staffing for the assurance of teaching and clinical investigation. According to Williams and Torrens (2008) the long-term strengths and successes of our health care systems depends largely on the success of the academic medical centers to achieve their mission. Three examples that describe and differentiate the roles of hospitals and nursing  homes in providing long term care. The nursing home facility is for patients who need extended care because they are very sick or unable to function without continued nursing and supportive services in a formal health care facility. These patients are sick and/or are in need of assistance but they are not ill enough that they require the intense treatment and care offered at a hospital. According to Will iams and Torrens (2008) about forty-seven percent of all nursing home facility care is paid for by Medicaid and residents and their families pay approximately one-third of the cost for the facility services. In recent years the length of time one stays at a nursing home has greatly decreased. Even with the decrease in stay there is still a fifty percent chance of an individual in his/her lifetime having to spend some time in a nursing facility. Both of these previous mentioned trends is reflective of the nursing facilities moving toward becoming more technologically sophisticated as well as being able to function as more of a short term temporary residence for patients in between the hospital and going home (Williams Torrens, 2008). Hospitals are designed to take care of the more acute problems and emergencies. Hospitals provide a wide array of outpatient services. The outpatient services range from â€Å"rehabilitation to mental health counseling to outpatient surgery† (Williams Torrens, 2008, p. 205). Unlike the nursing home facility the primary source of payment for hospital stay and services is Medicare and private insurance and very little payment comes from individuals. The current state of long-term care policy in the United States. Medicare provides financing for medical care for nearly all elderly Americans and others with certain disabilities but this does not hold true for long-term care. The majority of individuals needing long term must depend on family and friends and sometimes the community they live in. There is a lot of work to be done in the United States as it relates to the financing of long term care for every needy individual (Williams Torrens, 2008). There is no clear and precise policy in the United States for long-term care but there are different provisions within Medicare and Medicaid that provide for long-term services for some (not all) individuals in need of it. While the financing of long-term care has been and continues to be a challenge for the United States there have been strives in the care coordination of long-term patients. The care coordination that has emerged through the years for long  term care patients appears to be relatively effective. â€Å"Quality is enhanced when information is communicated among all the professionals caring for a person, and efficiencies are achieved when duplication of services is avoided† (Williams Torrens, 2008, p. 211). Case management, which is a process that encompasses the following: case identification, assessment, care planning, service arrangement, monitoring and reassessment enables one professional individual to work with the family to coordinate and obtain all of the services that the long term care patient may need. Case management has proven to have one of the most positive effects of improving long-term care (Williams Torrens, 2008). References Williams, S. J., Torrens, P. R. (Eds.). (2008). Introduction to health services: 2010 custom edition (7th ed.). New York: Cengage Delmar Learning.

Impact of Social Media on Political Campaigns

Impact of Social Media on Political Campaigns Introduction: The coming of the computerized period and the ascent of online networking have changed the way political battles are pursued. Ten years prior, the idea of making a moment fight gift with one touch on your cell phone was impossible. Engineering has changed how we finished essentially everything in our every day to day lÄÂ ±fe, so it’s no amaze that it is converting the political scene, from online notice focusing to web voting. The Social Media Since youthful voters discovered they could friend Barack Obama on Facebook all around the 2008 choices, internet organizing has gotten instilled in the way we think about political talk. Government authorities and tech evangelists much the same see it as the best approach to an alternate kind of administrative issues: Fight and seekers can charm locals, empower grassroots cooperation, and distinguishing offering order with the prompt data of a Tweeting electorate. The unpreventable impacts, positive masterminds’ battle, will be a sort of automated prevalent government, portrayed by a closer, more objective relationship between the picked powers and their constituents. Be that as it may interpersonal interaction, in the same path as any conceivable unit, could be used to break down fame based practices as well. Scott Tan won the race in light of a blended pack of segments, yet Eni Mustafaraj and Panagiotis Metaxes of Wellseley School, who chronicled the event, assumed that the declaration of against Coakley messages through interpersonal associations highlighted future chances for a little division of the people to catch the reliability of a web crawler and multiply their messages to a tremendous social affair of individuals to no end, with little effort, and without take after. While the strikes on Coakley were needy upon a fundraiser she finished to make sure hold in Washington, encouraged by lobbyists with social protection clients, its possible the same frameworks could be used to spread out and out misleading around a contender. Filippo Menczer, Copartner Educator of Informatics and PC Science at the Indiana School, Bloomington, serves as the fundamental master for Truthy, an examination wander focused on accompanying the spread of pictures on the web. Named after Stephen Colberts from-the-gut truthiness, the Truthy aggregation uses a computation indigent upon race specific critical words and state of brain markers a sort of evaluation examination a whole lot much the same to the one used at the School of Indiana to anticipate changes in the portion exchanging framework to go hand in hand with political trickery battles on Twitter. The Truthy aggregation, propelled by the Massachusetts choice, decided to track progressed Astroturf campaigns all around race years. People are, undoubtedly controlled without recognizing it in light of the fact that a pic could be given minute overall pervasiveness by a high web hunt apparatus positioning, in this way supporting a misleading. On the off chance that you contemplate what measure of putting an advancement on TV costs, you could pay a gatekeeper of people to post fake information and push it through interpersonal associations, says Menczer, who, considering his examination, anticipates future control of the Twitter round for political expansions. Its a kind of information pollution. Spamming on interpersonal associations has insignificant exertion and has the likelihood to affect a enormous measure of people. From the point of view of some individual running for office, it could be crazy NOT to use this schema. An alternate examination of how the battles are using modernized instruments to talk clearly with voters-bypassing the channel of expected media-finds that the Obama campaign presented very nearly four times on the degree that as the Romney fight and was vivified on about twice as various stages. Obamas mechanized substance moreover affected more response from individuals as a rule twofold the measure of parts, points of view and comments of his posts. The investigation of the immediate informing of the applicants additionally uncovers something about the contentions the two sides were utilizing to win voters. Why is social media a success? Social networking made a few advances in the 2008 decision, with the Obama fight utilizing Facebook to raise volunteer contributor arranges and actuate the base. In three short years, in any case, social networking has advanced so drastically, and gets to be so pervasive in everyday life for doubtlessly voters, that the fledging strategies sent in 2008 look emphatically aged. Here is the reason social networking now has the ability to represent the deciding moment battles: Audience: Social networking is utilized by individuals of all age bunch, and for decisions, voters on both side of the wall depend on online networking to crusade. Influence: Online networking clients depend vigorously on their associations for exhortation on what to consume, wear, watch, and who to vote for. Cost Effective: it is cheaper to advert a campaign and make it viral through media, contrasted with directing occasions with legislators addressing the group live. Kony’s Campaign 2012 The uncovered realities of the Kony 2012 feature and social networking battle are straightforward, if amazing. As Jason Russell, the genius of the battle and founder of invisible children, lets us know in the feature, The diversion has new runs the show. At the same time with the end goal it should work, you need to give careful consideration. And millions have given careful consideration. As of time of composing, there have been in excess of 137 million perspectives of the 30 moment feature in two weeks (in excess of 84 million on Youtube, in excess of 16 million on Vimeo, and different numbers on different stages The malignant of Kony is clear, possibly more so in light of the way that the LRA now has no distinguishable political focuses other than the survival of the religion of Kony. In the meantime the makers of the Kony 2012 characteristic have been examined for, cover alia, pushing what is distinguished as a furious, American result. As Victor Ochen, the head of African Youth Action Framework arranged in Lira, the site of one of Konys most exceedingly awful butchers in Uganda, They are centring more on an American respond in due order regarding an African crash than the all incorporating strategy which should fuse common governments and people who are uncommonly key to make this a triumph. Others have denounced the enhancement to oneself of Jason Russell, and Ugandans themselves, as expressed by Al Jazeera, see the characteristic as an outside, mixed up record that put down and showcased their wretchedness. as stated by the divider street journal, a gathering seeing the characteristic suspended showings in northern Uganda after incensed viewers pelted parts with stones and visitors to radio stations challenged the depiction of misled individuals in the crash. As the social occasion, the African Youth Action Framework, finished a live elucidation of the film story into the close-by Luo language, a normal 35,000 people began jeering. Some hurled rocks at the screen and accumulation parts, who pulled the connection on the characteristic. The social occasion suspended future showings Conclusion: In this evolving world, it might not be right to finish up, acknowledging the cases of Obama throughout 2008 races, 2012 decisions, and the viral feature of Kony throughout 2012 that media is compelling, and to a great degree viral. The misrepresented picture can likewise be painted out for the group of onlookers to depend upon. Likewise, the true truth might be uncovered in regards to lawmakers that can turn their crusades around. Where an adversary gathering can play filthy governmental issues by transferring an unpalatable feature cut of an alternate hopeful, the supporters can likewise counter after utilizing the same methods. Could informal communication help voter turnout? The request is for all intents and purpose explanatory in light of the way that at this moment we dont have hard detail saying, it would not be wrong to conclude that informal communication is bringing this various people to truly voteand there are associations that have enrolled 5 million youngsters to vote since they were established and that they do the vast majority of their captivating of adolescent voters through online networking. To conclude the article, social media is the latest viral medium of campaign. Politicians have immense control over what to display and what to hide. Since social media is a forum which is looked upon by the youth, which not to forget, is the majority of the populations, are energetic and absorbent of minds, can easily be convinced is they are talked upon using their mode of communications. And, politics is an issue to be catered in the best possible manner to gain maximum number of voters, a medium as fast and efficient as social media is the best option available. Works Cited Journalism. http://www.journalism.org/2012/08/15/how-presidential-candidates-use-web-and-social-media/>. Konrad. http://www.kas.de/medien-afrika/en/publications/30563/>. Philip Merrill. http://ajrarchive.org/article.asp?id=5445>. The Atlantic. http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2010/11/when-campaigns-manipulate-social-media/66351/>.

Constructivism, Educational Research, and John Dewey :: Learning Education Essays

Constructivism, Educational Research, and John Dewey ABSTRACT: Schools are expected to transmit knowledge to younger generations. They are, however, also increasingly criticized for distributing so-called inert knowledge, i.e., knowledge that is accessed only in a restricted set of contexts even though it is applicable to a wide variety of domains. The causes of limited knowledge transfer are mostly attributed to the dis-embeddedness of learning situations in schools. Instructional procedures that result in learning in the sense of being able to recall relevant information provide no guarantee that people will spontaneously use it later. "Authentic learning," acquiring knowledge in the contexts that (will) give this knowledge its meaning, is now being presented as an alternative. Underpinning these reform proposals is not only a (growing) concern with efficiency, but is also a new epistemological theory, labelled as constructivism. This paper will, first, focus on the layout of and diverging perspectives within recent constructivist re search in education. Next, the epistemological approach of John Dewey will be discussed, which takes as its starting point the relation of knowledge to action. Finally, we will indicate what a Deweyan approach might add to the constructivist research in education. 1. One indication of the rate of growth of constructivist research in education is the proliferation of its perspectives and positions. Apparently, it is already found wanting to distinguish between different themes, accents, evaluations. Instead, one speaks of contrasting ‘paradigms’. Thus, Steffe & Gale distinguish in a reader entitled Constructivism in education six different "core paradigms", viz "social constructivism, radical constructivism, social constructionism, information-processing constructivism, cybernetic systems, and sociocultural approaches to mediated action" (1995, p.xiii). All of these so-called paradigms reject traditional epistemological claims about knowledge as an objective representation of ‘reality’. Their arguments are, however, only rarely directed against inherited traditional conceptions. Rather, it are the newly formulated alternatives which serve as points of reference. Constructivist ‘paradigms’ are most of all elab orated in debate with fellow-alternatives. The most outspoken pioneer of a constructivist approach to teaching has been Ernst von Glasersfeld, whose ‘radical constructivism’ still is at the center of the debate. Elaborating on the works of Jean Piaget, von Glasersfeld has particularly focussed on individual self-regulation and the building of conceptual structures through reflection and abstraction. According to von Glasersfeld, ‘authentic’ learning depends on seeing a problem as ‘one’s own problem’, as an obstacle that obstructs one’s progress toward a goal. The farthest removed from this individualistic focus seems to be the sociocultural approach that originated with Ljev Vygotskij in Russia.

The Impact of the Internet on the Production, Distribution, and Consump

The creation of the web was not only a revolutionary movement but also acted as a door for endless opportunities in the music industry. Its ability alone to provide the general public with continuous information is astounding, but it also acts a platform for users to access, distribute and produce music. According to Andrew P.S (2006, 1), the internet was not created with a business mentality but as the years went by it began and continues to be moulded into a continuous path where consumers grasp the aptitude to which they could discover incessant possibilities online such as the access to music. Evidently, the internet solely acts as a huge factor in the shaping of the music industry today, more positively than negatively. Below, we will take a look at effects the internet has had on the production, distribution and consumption of popular music. By analyzing the various methods the consumer is able to get access to, distribute and consume music, the essay will be able to draw on a conclusion. The internet proves to have a far and wide reach to its users, and popular music is short of what ends it can attain. ‘’ The success of the internet is due to its worldwide broadcasting capability that allows the interaction between individuals without regard for geographic location and distance’’ Romualdo Pastor-Satorras and Alessandro V. (2007, 1). The distribution of music on the internet can be a very delicate situation. Organizations such as the RIAA provide websites such iTunes where music can be legally purchased and this in turn allows users who have no method of substantial purchase a way to access music. However, with the internet’s rapid and continuous progression, it would only be of habitual nature that illegal download we... ...ay 2012. Andrew P. Sparrow (2006). Music Distribution And the Internet: A Legal Guide for the Music Business. unknown: Gower Publishing Ltd. 1. Bruce Fries, Marty Fries (2005). Digital Audio Essentials. Sebastopol,US: O'Reilly Media. 22. Marie Heimer (2011). The Theory of Access Replacing Ownership on the Example of Spotify. unknown: Grin Verlag. 24. Michael Zager (2011). Music Production: For Producers, Composers, Arrangers, and Students. 2nd ed. unknown: Scarecrow Press. 18. O.C. Ferrell, Michael D. Hartline (2007). Marketing strategy. 4th ed. unknown: South-Western College Pub. 373. Romualdo Pastor-Satorras, Alessandro Vespignani (2007). Evolution and Structure of the Internet: A Statistical Physics Approach. unknown: Cambridge University Press. 1 unknown. (2012). Youtube. Available:http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/youtube.com. Last accessed 15th May 2012.